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Expression data for module #29

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Under-expression is coded with green, over-expression with red color.

Help | Hide | Top The GO tree — Biological processes

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skeletal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).

regionalization

The pattern specification process by which an axis or axes is subdivided in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.

system process

A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.

secretion

The controlled release of a substance by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue.

transport

The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore.

ion transport

The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore.

cation transport

The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore.

sodium ion transport

The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore.

anion transport

The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore.

metal ion transport

The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore.

multicellular organismal development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

anatomical structure morphogenesis

The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

embryo development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.

pattern specification process

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

organ morphogenesis

Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

excretion

The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.

body fluid secretion

The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or group of cells in a multicellular organism.

biological_process

Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end.

embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.

anterior/posterior pattern formation

The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

proximal/distal pattern formation

The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).

cellular process

Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.

monovalent inorganic cation transport

The directed movement of inorganic cations with a valency of one into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.

organic cation transport

The directed movement of organic cations into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.

organic anion transport

The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.

organic acid transport

The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore.

multicellular organismal process

Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.

developmental process

A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.

homeostatic process

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady-state.

chordate embryonic development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.

carboxylic acid transport

The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

organ development

Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

embryonic organ morphogenesis

Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

embryonic organ development

Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

embryonic morphogenesis

The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.

embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis

The process by which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

skeletal system morphogenesis

The process by which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

embryonic skeletal system development

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.

anatomical structure development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

regulation of body fluid levels

Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.

localization

Any process by which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in a specific location.

establishment of localization

The directed movement of a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location.

transmembrane transport

The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute.

biological regulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any biological process, quality or function.

regulation of biological quality

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.

all

NA

multicellular organismal development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

establishment of localization

The directed movement of a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location.

embryo development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.

pattern specification process

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

embryonic morphogenesis

The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.

anatomical structure morphogenesis

The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.

transmembrane transport

The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute.

regulation of body fluid levels

Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.

organ development

Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

embryonic organ morphogenesis

Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

embryonic organ morphogenesis

Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

organ morphogenesis

Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

embryonic organ development

Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

excretion

The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.

body fluid secretion

The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or group of cells in a multicellular organism.

skeletal system morphogenesis

The process by which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis

The process by which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

embryonic skeletal system development

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis

The process by which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

sodium ion transport

The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore.

Help | Hide | Top The GO tree — Cellular Components

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plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex

A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible.

intracellular

The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.

membrane

Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.

vacuole

A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.

integral to membrane

Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane.

integral to plasma membrane

Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.

cellular_component

The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together.

cell

The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.

cytoplasm

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

vacuolar membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

brush border

Dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.

basolateral plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

apical plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.

vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the vacuolar membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the vacuolar lumen.

organelle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle.

intrinsic to membrane

Located in a membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.

intrinsic to plasma membrane

Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.

cell projection membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cell surface projection.

brush border membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the brush border.

macromolecular complex

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which the constituent parts function together.

proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient. The resulting transmembrane electrochemical potential of H+ is used to drive a variety of (i) secondary active transport systems via H+-dependent symporters and antiporters and (ii) channel-mediated transport systems. The complex comprises a membrane sector (V0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (V1) that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. V-type ATPases are found in the membranes of organelles such as vacuoles, endosomes, and lysosomes, and in the plasma membrane.

cell projection

A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.

membrane-bounded organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

intracellular organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.

intracellular membrane-bounded organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

protein complex

Any macromolecular complex composed of two or more polypeptide subunits, which may or may not be identical. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleotides, metal ions or other small molecules.

organelle part

Any constituent part of an organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, but excludes the plasma membrane.

intracellular part

Any constituent part of the living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.

membrane part

Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.

vacuolar part

Any constituent part of a vacuole, a closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material.

cytoplasmic part

Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

intracellular organelle part

A constituent part of an intracellular organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton but excludes the plasma membrane.

plasma membrane part

Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

cell projection part

Any constituent part of a cell projection, a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

cell part

Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.

apical part of cell

The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.

all

NA

cell part

Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.

organelle part

Any constituent part of an organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, but excludes the plasma membrane.

organelle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle.

intracellular membrane-bounded organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

intracellular organelle part

A constituent part of an intracellular organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton but excludes the plasma membrane.

intracellular part

Any constituent part of the living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.

organelle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle.

membrane part

Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.

cell projection part

Any constituent part of a cell projection, a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

intracellular organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.

intracellular organelle part

A constituent part of an intracellular organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton but excludes the plasma membrane.

proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex

A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible.

vacuolar membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the vacuolar membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the vacuolar lumen.

plasma membrane part

Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

cytoplasmic part

Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

vacuole

A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.

vacuolar part

Any constituent part of a vacuole, a closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material.

apical plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.

intrinsic to plasma membrane

Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane.

cell projection membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cell surface projection.

brush border membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the brush border.

vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the vacuolar membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the vacuolar lumen.

vacuolar part

Any constituent part of a vacuole, a closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material.

integral to plasma membrane

Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.

Help | Hide | Top The GO tree — Molecular Function

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molecular_function

Elemental activities, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions.

nucleic acid binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid.

DNA binding

Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.

catalytic activity

Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.

metal ion transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells.

amine transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of the membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.

transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.

organic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, from one side of the membrane to the other.

secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.

inorganic anion exchanger activity

NA

binding

The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.

cation transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of cation from one side of the membrane to the other.

anion transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other.

ion transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other.

monovalent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a inorganic cations with a valency of one from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.

sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.

organic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage.

inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.

symporter activity

Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.

solute:cation symporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + cation(out) = solute(in) + cation(in).

anion:cation symporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion(out) + cation(out) = anion(in) + cation(in).

antiporter activity

Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.

solute:solute antiporter activity

Catalysis of the reaction: solute A(out) + solute B(in) = solute A(in) + solute B(out).

anion:anion antiporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion A(out) + anion B(in) = anion A(in) + anion B(out).

anion exchanger activity

NA

hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.

hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride.

hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, catalyzing transmembrane movement of substances

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride to directly drive the transport of a substance across a membrane.

active transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.

inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.

substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a specific substance or group of related substances from one side of a membrane to the other.

substrate-specific transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of a specific substance or group of related substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells.

sequence-specific DNA binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.

carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

all

NA

substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a specific substance or group of related substances from one side of a membrane to the other.

hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, catalyzing transmembrane movement of substances

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride to directly drive the transport of a substance across a membrane.

amine transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of the membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.

solute:cation symporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + cation(out) = solute(in) + cation(in).

anion:cation symporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion(out) + cation(out) = anion(in) + cation(in).

anion:anion antiporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion A(out) + anion B(in) = anion A(in) + anion B(out).

sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Help | Show | Top GO BP test for over-representation

Help | Show | Top GO CC test for over-representation

Help | Show | Top GO MF test for over-representation

Help | Hide | Top KEGG Pathway test for over-representation

Id Pvalue ExpCount Count Size Term
04966 1.971e-04 0.2628 5
21 Collecting duct acid secretion
05110 2.719e-02 0.5005 4
40 Vibrio cholerae infection
00190 4.065e-02 0.951 5
76 Oxidative phosphorylation

Help | Hide | Top miRNA test for over-representation

No enriched terms

Help | Hide | Top Chromosome test for over-representation

No enriched terms

Help | Hide | Top Genes

Entrez genes

A2LD1AIG2-like domain 1 (ENSG00000134864), score: 0.53 ABCC4ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 4 (ENSG00000125257), score: 0.63 AGR3anterior gradient homolog 3 (Xenopus laevis) (ENSG00000173467), score: 0.71 AQP2aquaporin 2 (collecting duct) (ENSG00000167580), score: 0.54 AQP6aquaporin 6, kidney specific (ENSG00000086159), score: 0.59 ARSBarylsulfatase B (ENSG00000113273), score: 0.67 ARSFarylsulfatase F (ENSG00000062096), score: 0.61 ASPAaspartoacylase (ENSG00000108381), score: 0.56 ATP10DATPase, class V, type 10D (ENSG00000145246), score: 0.59 ATP12AATPase, H+/K+ transporting, nongastric, alpha polypeptide (ENSG00000075673), score: 0.61 ATP2C2ATPase, Ca++ transporting, type 2C, member 2 (ENSG00000064270), score: 0.59 ATP6V0A4ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit a4 (ENSG00000105929), score: 0.57 ATP6V0D2ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 38kDa, V0 subunit d2 (ENSG00000147614), score: 0.53 ATP6V1B1ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 56/58kDa, V1 subunit B1 (ENSG00000116039), score: 0.54 ATP6V1G3ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 13kDa, V1 subunit G3 (ENSG00000151418), score: 0.55 B4GALNT2beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 2 (ENSG00000167080), score: 0.72 BIRC7baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 7 (ENSG00000101197), score: 0.63 BTCbetacellulin (ENSG00000174808), score: 0.59 C12orf59chromosome 12 open reading frame 59 (ENSG00000165685), score: 0.6 C17orf78chromosome 17 open reading frame 78 (ENSG00000167230), score: 0.66 C1orf106chromosome 1 open reading frame 106 (ENSG00000163362), score: 0.59 C1orf116chromosome 1 open reading frame 116 (ENSG00000182795), score: 0.59 C9orf71chromosome 9 open reading frame 71 (ENSG00000181778), score: 0.57 CA12carbonic anhydrase XII (ENSG00000074410), score: 0.56 CA13carbonic anhydrase XIII (ENSG00000185015), score: 0.74 CAPSLcalcyphosine-like (ENSG00000152611), score: 0.69 CASRcalcium-sensing receptor (ENSG00000036828), score: 0.6 CCL23chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 (ENSG00000167236), score: 0.53 CD164L2CD164 sialomucin-like 2 (ENSG00000174950), score: 0.54 CD226CD226 molecule (ENSG00000150637), score: 0.54 CD3GCD3g molecule, gamma (CD3-TCR complex) (ENSG00000160654), score: 0.6 CDH16cadherin 16, KSP-cadherin (ENSG00000166589), score: 0.57 CDH3cadherin 3, type 1, P-cadherin (placental) (ENSG00000062038), score: 0.58 CDKL1cyclin-dependent kinase-like 1 (CDC2-related kinase) (ENSG00000100490), score: 0.53 CLCNKAchloride channel Ka (ENSG00000186510), score: 0.58 CLDN16claudin 16 (ENSG00000113946), score: 0.65 CLDN8claudin 8 (ENSG00000156284), score: 0.63 CLNKcytokine-dependent hematopoietic cell linker (ENSG00000109684), score: 0.61 COL4A3collagen, type IV, alpha 3 (Goodpasture antigen) (ENSG00000169031), score: 0.58 COL4A6collagen, type IV, alpha 6 (ENSG00000197565), score: 0.53 CSN2casein beta (ENSG00000135222), score: 0.68 CUBNcubilin (intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor) (ENSG00000107611), score: 0.62 CWH43cell wall biogenesis 43 C-terminal homolog (S. cerevisiae) (ENSG00000109182), score: 0.6 CYP24A1cytochrome P450, family 24, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (ENSG00000019186), score: 0.79 DEFB4Bdefensin, beta 4B (ENSG00000171711), score: 0.83 DFFADNA fragmentation factor, 45kDa, alpha polypeptide (ENSG00000160049), score: 0.54 DHDHdihydrodiol dehydrogenase (dimeric) (ENSG00000104808), score: 0.55 DNTTdeoxynucleotidyltransferase, terminal (ENSG00000107447), score: 0.62 DOCK8dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (ENSG00000107099), score: 0.71 ELF5E74-like factor 5 (ets domain transcription factor) (ENSG00000135374), score: 0.62 ESM1endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 (ENSG00000164283), score: 0.59 ESRP1epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ENSG00000104413), score: 0.58 F2RL1coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1 (ENSG00000164251), score: 0.6 FGFBP1fibroblast growth factor binding protein 1 (ENSG00000137440), score: 0.73 FMO1flavin containing monooxygenase 1 (ENSG00000010932), score: 0.62 FOXI1forkhead box I1 (ENSG00000168269), score: 0.61 GHRHRgrowth hormone releasing hormone receptor (ENSG00000106128), score: 0.8 GP2glycoprotein 2 (zymogen granule membrane) (ENSG00000169347), score: 0.69 GPR110G protein-coupled receptor 110 (ENSG00000153292), score: 0.57 GPRC6AG protein-coupled receptor, family C, group 6, member A (ENSG00000173612), score: 0.84 GRHL2grainyhead-like 2 (Drosophila) (ENSG00000083307), score: 0.57 GSSglutathione synthetase (ENSG00000100983), score: 0.53 GYLTL1Bglycosyltransferase-like 1B (ENSG00000165905), score: 0.55 HMX2H6 family homeobox 2 (ENSG00000188816), score: 0.66 HOXA10homeobox A10 (ENSG00000153807), score: 0.55 HOXA11homeobox A11 (ENSG00000005073), score: 0.59 HOXA3homeobox A3 (ENSG00000105997), score: 0.53 HOXA5homeobox A5 (ENSG00000106004), score: 0.56 HOXA9homeobox A9 (ENSG00000078399), score: 0.55 HOXB6homeobox B6 (ENSG00000108511), score: 0.57 HOXB7homeobox B7 (ENSG00000120087), score: 0.59 HOXC10homeobox C10 (ENSG00000180818), score: 0.55 HOXC5homeobox C5 (ENSG00000172789), score: 0.55 HOXC6homeobox C6 (ENSG00000197757), score: 0.54 HOXC8homeobox C8 (ENSG00000037965), score: 0.63 HOXC9homeobox C9 (ENSG00000180806), score: 0.54 HOXD10homeobox D10 (ENSG00000128710), score: 0.56 HOXD4homeobox D4 (ENSG00000170166), score: 0.58 HSD11B2hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 2 (ENSG00000176387), score: 0.61 HTR1D5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1D (ENSG00000179546), score: 0.53 IGFL3IGF-like family member 3 (ENSG00000188624), score: 0.56 IL12Binterleukin 12B (natural killer cell stimulatory factor 2, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 2, p40) (ENSG00000113302), score: 0.62 INSRRinsulin receptor-related receptor (ENSG00000027644), score: 0.69 ISXintestine-specific homeobox (ENSG00000175329), score: 0.66 KCNJ1potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 1 (ENSG00000151704), score: 0.57 KLklotho (ENSG00000133116), score: 0.66 KRT3keratin 3 (ENSG00000186442), score: 0.68 LAMB4laminin, beta 4 (ENSG00000091128), score: 0.81 LGALS2lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 2 (ENSG00000100079), score: 0.58 LRRC19leucine rich repeat containing 19 (ENSG00000184434), score: 0.67 MATN3matrilin 3 (ENSG00000132031), score: 0.69 MCCD1mitochondrial coiled-coil domain 1 (ENSG00000204511), score: 0.54 MIOXmyo-inositol oxygenase (ENSG00000100253), score: 0.55 MOBKL2BMOB1, Mps One Binder kinase activator-like 2B (yeast) (ENSG00000120162), score: 0.54 MS4A10membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 10 (ENSG00000172689), score: 0.56 MSLNLmesothelin-like (ENSG00000162006), score: 0.59 MTMR8myotubularin related protein 8 (ENSG00000102043), score: 0.61 MTNR1Amelatonin receptor 1A (ENSG00000168412), score: 0.61 MYO3Bmyosin IIIB (ENSG00000071909), score: 0.62 NHSNance-Horan syndrome (congenital cataracts and dental anomalies) (ENSG00000188158), score: 0.53 NOX4NADPH oxidase 4 (ENSG00000086991), score: 0.54 NPHS2nephrosis 2, idiopathic, steroid-resistant (podocin) (ENSG00000116218), score: 0.55 OR10Q1olfactory receptor, family 10, subfamily Q, member 1 (ENSG00000180475), score: 1 OXGR1oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) receptor 1 (ENSG00000165621), score: 0.74 PAPLNpapilin, proteoglycan-like sulfated glycoprotein (ENSG00000100767), score: 0.61 PAQR5progestin and adipoQ receptor family member V (ENSG00000137819), score: 0.56 PARD6Bpar-6 partitioning defective 6 homolog beta (C. elegans) (ENSG00000124171), score: 0.62 PAX2paired box 2 (ENSG00000075891), score: 0.55 PAX8paired box 8 (ENSG00000125618), score: 0.54 PDZK1IP1PDZK1 interacting protein 1 (ENSG00000162366), score: 0.54 PKHD1polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (autosomal recessive) (ENSG00000170927), score: 0.57 PLA2G3phospholipase A2, group III (ENSG00000100078), score: 0.77 PLA2R1phospholipase A2 receptor 1, 180kDa (ENSG00000153246), score: 0.58 PNPLA1patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 1 (ENSG00000180316), score: 0.59 PRLRprolactin receptor (ENSG00000113494), score: 0.58 PTPLAD2protein tyrosine phosphatase-like A domain containing 2 (ENSG00000188921), score: 0.57 RAB19RAB19, member RAS oncogene family (ENSG00000146955), score: 0.63 RAB7L1RAB7, member RAS oncogene family-like 1 (ENSG00000117280), score: 0.63 SCTRsecretin receptor (ENSG00000080293), score: 0.61 SIM1single-minded homolog 1 (Drosophila) (ENSG00000112246), score: 0.58 SLC10A2solute carrier family 10 (sodium/bile acid cotransporter family), member 2 (ENSG00000125255), score: 0.67 SLC12A1solute carrier family 12 (sodium/potassium/chloride transporters), member 1 (ENSG00000074803), score: 0.58 SLC12A3solute carrier family 12 (sodium/chloride transporters), member 3 (ENSG00000070915), score: 0.61 SLC13A1solute carrier family 13 (sodium/sulfate symporters), member 1 (ENSG00000081800), score: 0.63 SLC13A3solute carrier family 13 (sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter), member 3 (ENSG00000158296), score: 0.55 SLC15A5solute carrier family 15, member 5 (ENSG00000188991), score: 0.92 SLC16A4solute carrier family 16, member 4 (monocarboxylic acid transporter 5) (ENSG00000168679), score: 0.64 SLC16A9solute carrier family 16, member 9 (monocarboxylic acid transporter 9) (ENSG00000165449), score: 0.58 SLC17A3solute carrier family 17 (sodium phosphate), member 3 (ENSG00000124564), score: 0.58 SLC22A11solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/urate transporter), member 11 (ENSG00000168065), score: 0.56 SLC22A12solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/urate transporter), member 12 (ENSG00000197891), score: 0.6 SLC22A13solute carrier family 22 (organic anion transporter), member 13 (ENSG00000172940), score: 0.57 SLC22A2solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 2 (ENSG00000112499), score: 0.64 SLC22A4solute carrier family 22 (organic cation/ergothioneine transporter), member 4 (ENSG00000197208), score: 0.64 SLC22A5solute carrier family 22 (organic cation/carnitine transporter), member 5 (ENSG00000197375), score: 0.55 SLC22A6solute carrier family 22 (organic anion transporter), member 6 (ENSG00000197901), score: 0.54 SLC22A8solute carrier family 22 (organic anion transporter), member 8 (ENSG00000149452), score: 0.55 SLC26A7solute carrier family 26, member 7 (ENSG00000147606), score: 0.64 SLC34A1solute carrier family 34 (sodium phosphate), member 1 (ENSG00000131183), score: 0.59 SLC35F2solute carrier family 35, member F2 (ENSG00000110660), score: 0.54 SLC47A2solute carrier family 47, member 2 (ENSG00000180638), score: 0.62 SLC4A1solute carrier family 4, anion exchanger, member 1 (erythrocyte membrane protein band 3, Diego blood group) (ENSG00000004939), score: 0.56 SLC4A9solute carrier family 4, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter, member 9 (ENSG00000113073), score: 0.6 SLC5A12solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 12 (ENSG00000148942), score: 0.61 SLC6A19solute carrier family 6 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 19 (ENSG00000174358), score: 0.59 SLC6A3solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, dopamine), member 3 (ENSG00000142319), score: 0.59 SLC7A13solute carrier family 7, (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system) member 13 (ENSG00000164893), score: 0.55 SLC7A8solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter, L-type), member 8 (ENSG00000092068), score: 0.57 SLC9A4solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger), member 4 (ENSG00000180251), score: 0.74 SLCO4C1solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 4C1 (ENSG00000173930), score: 0.57 SNX29sorting nexin 29 (ENSG00000048471), score: 0.55 SOX14SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 14 (ENSG00000168875), score: 0.58 STRA6stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (mouse) (ENSG00000137868), score: 0.63 SULT1C2sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 2 (ENSG00000198203), score: 0.53 TAAR2trace amine associated receptor 2 (ENSG00000146378), score: 0.75 TBX10T-box 10 (ENSG00000167800), score: 0.72 TCN2transcobalamin II (ENSG00000185339), score: 0.56 TFAP2Atranscription factor AP-2 alpha (activating enhancer binding protein 2 alpha) (ENSG00000137203), score: 0.58 TFCP2L1transcription factor CP2-like 1 (ENSG00000115112), score: 0.56 TFECtranscription factor EC (ENSG00000105967), score: 0.83 TINAGtubulointerstitial nephritis antigen (ENSG00000137251), score: 0.65 TMEM171transmembrane protein 171 (ENSG00000157111), score: 0.55 TMEM174transmembrane protein 174 (ENSG00000164325), score: 0.61 TMEM27transmembrane protein 27 (ENSG00000147003), score: 0.59 TMEM72transmembrane protein 72 (ENSG00000187783), score: 0.58 TMIGD1transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain containing 1 (ENSG00000182271), score: 0.88 TMPRSS13transmembrane protease, serine 13 (ENSG00000137747), score: 0.56 TNFSF15tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 15 (ENSG00000181634), score: 0.81 TPH1tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (ENSG00000129167), score: 0.64 TRPM6transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 6 (ENSG00000119121), score: 0.58 UCN3urocortin 3 (stresscopin) (ENSG00000178473), score: 0.84 UMODuromodulin (ENSG00000169344), score: 0.55 UPK2uroplakin 2 (ENSG00000110375), score: 0.64 VDRvitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor (ENSG00000111424), score: 0.65 WNK4WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 4 (ENSG00000126562), score: 0.55

Non-Entrez genes

Unknown, score:

Help | Hide | Top Conditions

Id species tissue sex individual
ggo_kd_f_ca1 ggo kd f _
ggo_kd_m_ca1 ggo kd m _
mml_kd_f_ca1 mml kd f _
mml_kd_m_ca1 mml kd m _

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© 2008-2010 Computational Biology Group, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland