The parallel evolution in amniotes seen through the eye of functional nodal mutations

Introduction In this article the authors describe an evolutionary convergence in mammals, birds, and reptiles, based on genomic data from NCBI. The evolution of different species and lineages is due to mutations that can appear and accumulate in organisms over time. Those mutations need a high functional potential and have to be conserved in time in order to form new species. The conservation of mutations can occur via selection pressure, mutational compensation, and/or by the separation of members from the same species by geological and environmental events. In this comprehensive study, the authors describe, a genomic landscape of the parallel evolution by analysing functional nodal mutations (fNMs) by using different types of DNA (mitochondrial and nucleic), the thermostability of mtDNA encoding RNA genes, and the structural proximity of proteins, using the available 3D structures from PDB database. Functional nodal mutations (fNMs) can be separated in single nodal (fSNMs), recurrent nodal mutations (fRNMs), occured independently in unrelated lineages and recurrent combinations of nodal mutations (fRCNMs) recurred independently along with other nodal mutations in combinations in more than a single lineage. The recurrent ones can be taken in consideration the most when we are talking about the convergent adaptive responses, that means …

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A journey through the The Simons Genome Diversity Project: more genomes sequenced, more diverse populations

Introduction Since the first genome of Bacteriophage MS21 was completely sequenced, in 1976, until 2001 when the first draft of human genome2 was released, a lot of work was done to improve and to make accessible different methods to get inside of the genetics of various organisms. For human genome, this step was a very important one and the Human Genome Project was declared complete in 20033. During the last years, more and more projects are involved in deciphering the human wanderlust. To all of previous studies, we can add The Simons Genome Diversity Project, that brought us more information by sequencing 300 new genomes from 142 diverse populations. One of the aim was to chose populations that differ in genetics, language and culture. The study shows that some of the populations separated 100000 years ago and reveals more information about the ancestors of Australian, New Guinean and Andamanese people. Results One of the most important thing in discovering the real human peopling of the Earth is to sequence as many as possible genomes, but from individuals coming from diverse populations, that could differ in many aspects. In this study, the 300 samples were prepared by using PCR-free library, through …

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